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The Epic Interactive Encyclopedia 1996
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Epic Interactive Encyclopedia, The (1996)(Epic Marketing)[non-bootable].iso
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skin
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1992-09-02
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Skin is the largest organ in the body,
weighing up to 8kg in an average adult. It
has five main functions. The first of these
is simple waterproofing. If the skin were not
waterproof, we would quickly dehydrate. Some
creatures, such as amphibians, do not have
waterproof skins, and must live partially in
water to prevent drying out. The second of
these is to regulate internal temperature. If
the core body temperature (normally 37.6
degrees Celsius) rises by even a small
amount, we begin to sweat, and the small
blood vessels in the skin dilate to allow
more blood to lose its heat at the surface.
If the core body temperature drops, the blood
is diverted away from the skin and the
peripheral parts of the body to retain heat
in the centre, to keep the heart and brain at
the right temperature. The third function of
the skin is protection. Some parts of the
skin are very thick to provide protection,
such as the soles of the feet, the back and
the scalp. Additionally, hair has a
protective function. Special skin cells
called melanocytes produce a dark pigment
called melanin to protect the skin from
strong sunlight. The fourth function is
sensation. All parts of the skin contain
sensitive nerve endings to detect fine touch,
pressure, temperature and vibration. In
addition, the skin also has pain receptors.
Some areas, such as the lips and the
fingertips, have much higher concentrations
of nerve endings, and these areas are much
more sensitive. The fifth function is to
defend the body against infection and
disease. This is partly done by the
thickness of the skin itself, but skin is
also rich in white cells to destroy any
invading microbes. Some scientists believe
that skin has a sixth function, which is
predominantly social: we recognise each
other by our skin, and some people decorate
their skin with make-up and tattoos.
Touching someone else's skin is also a very
social activity, which ranges from shaking
hands to massage. The outer layer of skin is
dead, and is composed of a very tough protein
called keratin, which also forms hair and
nails. The outer layer is always being
gradually worn away, to be replaced from
below with new skin.
Subject by: Dr Aidan M. O'Donnell